HPV Pathogenesis
HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for ~70% of cervical cancers. The virus integrates into host DNA, producing E6 and E7 oncoproteins that inactivate p53 and Rb tumor suppressors.
Screening Protocols
- Start: Age 25 (or 3 years after sexual debut)
- Method: HPV DNA testing (preferred), cytology, or co-testing
- Frequency: Every 5-10 years (HPV), every 3 years (cytology)
FIGO Staging System
Stage I: Confined to cervix. Stage II: Beyond uterus but not to pelvic wall. Stage III: Pelvic wall or lower third vagina. Stage IV: Beyond true pelvis or involving bladder/rectum mucosa.
Management by Stage
Stage IA1: Cone biopsy. Stage IA2-IB1: Radical hysterectomy or RT. Stage IB2-IVA: Chemoradiation (cisplatin-based).
HPV Vaccination
Cervarix (bivalent) and Gardasil (quadrivalent/9-valent). Recommended at ages 9-14, catch-up up to age 26.
References & further reading
Every clinical claim in this article is anchored to a primary source. Click through to verify, and use the same habit in your revision.
Revision history
- 19 September 2026 — Initial publication
Frequently asked questions
What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?
HPV infection, particularly types 16 and 18, causes ~70% of cervical cancers. HPV 16 accounts for ~50% and HPV 18 for ~20% of cases.
What is the recommended cervical cancer screening age?
Start screening at age 25 (or within 3 years of sexual activity). Every 3 years with cytology alone, or every 5 years with co-testing (cytology + HPV).
What is FIGO stage IB2?
Clinically visible lesion >4cm but limited to cervix. Treatment: Chemoradiation (preferred) or radical hysterectomy if tumor <4cm.
Related reading
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