Cell Injury
Reversible: Cell swelling, fatty change. Irreversible: Nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), membrane damage, Myelin figures.
Inflammation
Acute: Neutrophils, edema, fibrin. Chronic: Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts. Granulomatous: Epithelioid cells, Langhans giant cells, caseous necrosis (TB).
Neoplasia
Benign: Well-differentiated, encapsulated, slow-growing, no metastasis.
Malignant: Poorly differentiated, invasive, fast-growing, metastasis.
Oncogenes: c-myc, ras, HER2. Tumor suppressor: p53, Rb.
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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