AKI Causes (PINCH)
Pre-renal: Hypovolemia, decreased effective circulating volume. BUN:Cr >20:1.
Intrinsic: ATN ( muddy brown casts), AIN, GN. BUN:Cr ~10-15:1.
Post-renal: Obstruction (stones, BPH, tumor).
CKD Staging
Based on eGFR: Stage 1 (>90, kidney damage), Stage 2 (60-89), Stage 3a (45-59), Stage 3b (30-44), Stage 4 (15-29), Stage 5 (<15, dialysis).
Glomerulonephritis
Minimal change: Children, selective proteinuria, normal on LM, effacement on EM. Steroid responsive.
FSGS: Non-selective proteinuria, segmental sclerosis on LM. Steroid resistant.
MPGN: "Tram-track" on LM. Type II: dense deposits on EM.
Revision history
- 20 September 2026 — Initial publication
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